Volume 34, Issue 1 (Winter 2026)
Avicenna J Nurs Midwifery Care 2026, 34(1): 0-0 |
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Karimi Vafa Z, Karampourian A, Mohammadi Y, Zahra E. The Effect of White Noise on Pain and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Avicenna J Nurs Midwifery Care 2026; 34 (1)
URL: http://nmj.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-3368-en.html
URL: http://nmj.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-3368-en.html
1- , a.karampourian@umsha.ac.ir
Abstract: (662 Views)
Background and Objective: Despite advances in lithotripsy devices, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) remains a painful procedure, and most patients experience considerable anxiety during this process. This study aimed to investigate the effect of white noise on the pain intensity and anxiety levels in patients undergoing ESWL.
Materials and Methods: This two-arm randomized clinical trial included 60 patients undergoing ESWL at the Lithotripsy Unit of Shahid Madani Hospital in Karaj, Iran. Samples were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to the control or the intervention group. Patients in the intervention group received white noise via Bluetooth headphones concurrently with routine care throughout the lithotripsy sessions, while the control group received routine care only. Anxiety was assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaire, and pain intensity was measured using a self-reported pain rating scale. For data analysis, the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, paired t-test, and independent t-test were utilized.
Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between the intervention and control groups regarding demographic characteristics and clinical profiles (P > 0.05). The results showed a significant difference in mean pain scores during and after lithotripsy between the intervention and control groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore, no significant difference in mean pre-procedure anxiety scores was observed between the intervention and control groups (P = 0.984). However, a significant difference in mean post-procedure anxiety scores was observed between the intervention and control groups (P < 0.001).
Conclusion: The use of white noise in patients undergoing ESWL leads to a reduction in pain intensity and anxiety levels.
Materials and Methods: This two-arm randomized clinical trial included 60 patients undergoing ESWL at the Lithotripsy Unit of Shahid Madani Hospital in Karaj, Iran. Samples were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to the control or the intervention group. Patients in the intervention group received white noise via Bluetooth headphones concurrently with routine care throughout the lithotripsy sessions, while the control group received routine care only. Anxiety was assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaire, and pain intensity was measured using a self-reported pain rating scale. For data analysis, the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, paired t-test, and independent t-test were utilized.
Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between the intervention and control groups regarding demographic characteristics and clinical profiles (P > 0.05). The results showed a significant difference in mean pain scores during and after lithotripsy between the intervention and control groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore, no significant difference in mean pre-procedure anxiety scores was observed between the intervention and control groups (P = 0.984). However, a significant difference in mean post-procedure anxiety scores was observed between the intervention and control groups (P < 0.001).
Conclusion: The use of white noise in patients undergoing ESWL leads to a reduction in pain intensity and anxiety levels.
Type of Study: Original Research |
Subject:
Medical Surgical Nursing
Received: 2025/09/25 | Accepted: 2025/12/9 | Published: 2026/04/18
Received: 2025/09/25 | Accepted: 2025/12/9 | Published: 2026/04/18
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