Relationship between Head Nurses’ Ethical Leadership and Demographic Characteristics with General Self-Efficacy of ICU Nurses in Educational-Treatment Centers of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran, 2019

Sabzehband, Parvin; Maleki Jamasbi, Mehrdad; Tapak, Leili; Purfarzad, Zahra

doi:10.32592/ajnmc.30.2.124

Volume 30, Issue 2 (Spring 2022) Avicenna J Nurs Midwifery Care 2022, 30(2): 124-133 | Back to browse issues page

‎ 10.32592/ajnmc.30.2.124

Ethics code: IR.IMSHA.REC.1398.874

Mendeley

Zotero

RefWorks

Sabzehband P, Maleki Jamasbi M, Tapak L, Purfarzad Z. Relationship between Head Nurses’ Ethical Leadership and Demographic Characteristics with General Self-Efficacy of ICU Nurses in Educational-Treatment Centers of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran, 2019. Avicenna J Nurs Midwifery Care 2022; 30 (2) :124-133
URL: http://nmj.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-2301-en.html

Relationship between Head Nurses’ Ethical Leadership and Demographic Characteristics with General Self-Efficacy of ICU Nurses in Educational-Treatment Centers of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran, 2019

Parvin Sabzehband¹

, Mehrdad Maleki Jamasbi²

, Leili Tapak³

, Zahra Purfarzad ^*

⁴

1- Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
2- Department of Nursing Education, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
3- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
4- Department of Nursing Education, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran , purfarzad7@yahoo.com

Keywords: Ethical Leadership, Nursing, Self-efficacy

Persian Full-Text [PDF 864 kb] (682 Downloads) | Abstract (HTML) (1738 Views)

Extended Abstract: (740 Views)

Background and Objective

Ethical leadership is a form of leadership that requires the development of ethical standards to manage the behavior of employees and the effective implementation of ethical standards. Numerous studies have emphasized the importance of ethical leadership and its impact and consequences on organizations. The findings of previous studies indicated a relationship between ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behavior, job motivation, job satisfaction, ethical climate, psychological empowerment, justice, organizational commitment, organizational burnout, and trust. Studies also indicated a relationship between ethical leadership and employee self-efficacy. Self-efficacy means a person’s beliefs about his or her ability to perform behaviors that will have certain consequences. Since nurses in intensive care units (ICUs) are responsible for providing specialized care to critically ill patients, providing high-quality and standard care in these wards is highly important. Individual self-efficacy of nurses in performing nursing practices, especially in ICUs can change their clinical and professional behaviors which ultimately leads to improved patient care, which is the main goal of the nursing profession. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between ethical leadership of nurses and demographic characteristics with the general self-efficacy of nurses working in the ICUs in Hamadan city, Iran.

Materials and Methods

This descriptive correlational study was conducted in 2019. The statistical population of the study included all nurses (n=540) working in ICUs of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran, from whom a total of 230 nurses were selected to participate in the study using the stratified-proportional sampling method. In this sampling method, the number of samples in each hospital is proportional to the number of nurses working in the ICU in the given hospital (Besat, n=198; Shahid Beheshti, n=115; Farshchian Heart, n=106; Farshchian (Sina), n=61; Fatemieh, n=60). To select the desired number of samples from the special ward of each hospital, a table of random numbers was used to select samples randomly according to a list of nurses names. Data collection was conducted using the general self-efficacy scale of Scherer and ethical nursing leadership questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16) through descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results

The majority (72.2%) of nurses participating in this study were female and in the age range of 30-39 years. Most (87.8%) of the participants had a bachelor’s degree, of whom 96 (41.7%) had less than five years of work experience and 79 (34.3%) were official employees. The mean±SD scores of moral leadership characteristics and the total self-efficacy in head nurses were 64.53±19.19 and 63.93±9.07, respectively. There was no statistically significant relationship between the ethical leadership style and its components with the general self-efficacy of nurses (P>0.05). Considering the output of the artificial neural network, the normalized significance scores of the independent variables on the dependent variable were obtained at 100, 74.8, 56.2, 52, 47.6, 46.4, 38.1, 37.1, 27, and 13.3 for work experience, pioneering, task orientation, moralism, workplace, age, job status, gender, division of power, and education, respectively.

Conclusion

The study results showed no direct and significant relationship between ethical leadership and the general self-efficacy of nurses. However, the normalized significance scores of the independent variables on the dependent variable considering the output of the artificial neural network were calculated to be 74.8, 56.2, 52, and 27 for components of pioneer, task orientation, moralism, and division of power, respectively. However, nonlinear relationships may probably exist between these variables and self-efficacy. The results of other studies conducted on the relationship between ethical leadership and job self-efficacy in organizations showed a positive and significant relationship between the two variables which was in contrast with our results. This discrepancy in the results of different studies can be explained by the adoption of general self-efficacy rather than occupational self-efficacy in the present study. The results of the study performed by Zarezadeh et al. in Yazd, in 2021, showed a positive and significant correlation between dimensions of ethical leadership with the general self-efficacy of nurses. In the mentioned study, ethical leadership questionnaires of Brown et al. and general self-efficacy scales of Scherer and Jerusalem were used, which was different from the questionnaires used in the present study. Moreover, the difference in results can be due to the effect of different factors on general self-efficacy, such as social resources and different environmental factors. Although from the nurses’ point of view, the average score of ethical leadership in nurses was moderate to high, the lowest scores were obtained in the field of ethics, indicating the need for professional growth and development in this field. Considering the significant relationship between some demographic variables and the general self-efficacy of nurses, nursing managers are recommended to consider these variables, especially in retraining, to improve the general self-efficacy of nurses. It is also suggested that future studies identify and analyze other variables and factors that affect the general self-efficacy of nurses. On the other hand, due to the lack of a linear relationship between ethical leadership and the general self-efficacy of nurses, it is suggested that future studies consider the association between ethical leadership and job self-efficacy, clinical self-efficacy, and ethical self-efficacy in nurses.

Type of Study: Original Research | Subject: Nursing
Received: 2021/02/28 | Accepted: 2021/12/20 | Published: 2022/05/31

References

1. Zhu W. The effect of ethical leadership on follower moral identity: The mediating role of psychological empowerment. Leadership. 2008;8(3):62-73.

2. Brown ME, Treviño LK, Harrison DA. Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 2005;97(2):117-34. [DOI]

3. Cheng JW, Chang SC, Kuo JH, Cheung YH. Ethical leadership, work engagement, and voice behavior. Ind Manag Data Syst. 2014;114(5):817-31. [DOI]

4. Demirtas O. Ethical leadership influence at organizations: Evidence from the field. J Bus Ethics. 2015;126(2):273-84. [DOI]

5. Özden D, Arslan GG, Ertuğrul B, Karakaya S. The effect of nurses’ ethical leadership and ethical climate perceptions on job satisfaction. Nurs Ethics. 2019;26(4):1211-25. [DOI] [PubMed]

6. Dust SB, Resick CJ, Margolis JA, Mawritz MB, Greenbaum RL. Ethical leadership and employee success: Examining the roles of psychological empowerment and emotional exhaustion. Leadersh Q. 2018;29(5):570-83. [DOI]

7. Aloustani S, Atashzadeh-Shoorideh F, Zagheri-Tafreshi M, Nasiri M, Barkhordari-Sharifabad M, Skerrett V. Association between ethical leadership, ethical climate and organizational citizenship behavior from nurses’ perspective: a descriptive correlational study. BMC Nurs. 2020;19(1):1-8. [DOI]

8. Eslamieh F, Mohammad Davoudi AH. An analysis of the relationship between managers’ ethical leadership style with teachers’ organizational commitment and job burnout. Int J Organ Behav Leadersh. 2016;5:380-92. [DOI]

9. Akker Lv, Heres L, Lasthuizen K, Six F. Ethical leadership and trust: It's all about meeting expectations. Int J Leadersh Educ. 2009;5(2):102-22.

10. Yousofpour Avarandi G, Malekzadeh G, Erfanian Khanzadeh H. Investigating the mediating role of organizational spirituality in the relationship of ethical leadership and employees’ self-efficacy (case of study: the staff of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad). J Soc Sci. 2018;14(1):221-61. [Persian]. [DOI]

11. Ren S, Chadee D. Ethical leadership, self-efficacy and job satisfaction in China: the moderating role of guanxi. Pers Rev. 2017;46(2):371-88. [DOI]

12. Zulkosky K. Self‐efficacy: a concept analysis. Nurs Forum. 2009;44(2):93-102. [DOI]

13. Desbiens JF, Gagnon J, Fillion L. Development of a shared theory in palliative care to enhance nursing competence. J Adv Nurs. 2012;68(9): 2113-24. [DOI] [PubMed]

14. Lee TW, Ko YK. Effects of self‐efficacy, affectivity and collective efficacy on nursing performance of hospital nurses. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(4):839-48. [DOI] [PubMed]

15. Kalroozi F, Farsi Z, Nezamzadeh M, Rashidifar S. The effect of clinical adult process on the tracheotomy suctioning skill of nurses working in the critical care unit (ICU). J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac. 2015;13(9):748-57 .[Persian].

16. Manojlovich M. Promoting nurses' self-efficacy: a leadership strategy to improve practice. J Nurs Adm: 2005;35(5):271-8. [DOI] [PubMed]

17. Vaezfar S, Azadi M, Akbari Balotanbegan A, Rahimi M. The Predictive Role of Self-efficacy and Social Support in Nurses’ Burnout. Iran J Nurs. 2014;27(90):140-9. [Persian]. [DOI]

18. Mohaghegh A, Shafipour-Motlagh F, Atashak M. Relationship between organizational commitment & perfectionism with ethical sacrifice leadership: mediating role of self-efficacy. Ethics Inf Technol. 2020;14(4):84-90. [in persian]

19. Walumbwa FO, Mayer DM, Wang P, Wang H, Workman K, Christensen AL. Linking ethical leadership to employee performance: The roles of leader–member exchange, self-efficacy, and organizational identification. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 2011;115(2):204-13. [DOI]

20. Soltani F, Rezaei H. Explaining employee performance according to the role of ethical leadership style and self-efficacy of staff in guilan university of medical sciences. International Conference on New Directions in Management, Economics and Accounting: East Azarbaijan Industrial Management Agency. 2015;1(1):35-45. [Persian].

21. Zarezadeh S, Barkhordari-Sharifabad M, Salaree M. Association between Ethical Leadership with Self-Efficacy and General Health of Nurses. J Nurs Educ. 2021;10(3):34-44. [Persian]

22. Hulley SB, Cummings SR, Browner WS, Grady D, Hearst N, Newman TB. Designing clinical research: an epidemiologic approach. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.

23. Barkhordari-Sharifabad M, Mirjalili NS. Ethical leadership, nursing error and error reporting from the nurses’ perspective. Nurs Ethics. 2020; 27(2):609-20. [DOI] [PubMed]

24. Asgharnejad T, Ahmadi Dehghotboddini M, Farzad V, Khodapanahi MK. Psychometric properties of sherer's general self-efficacy scale. J Psychol. 2006;10(3):262-74. [Persian].

25. Prati G, Pietrantoni L, Cicognani E. Self-efficacy moderates the relationship between stress appraisal and quality of life among rescue workers. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2010;23(4):463-70. [DOI] [PubMed]

26. Zandi H, Sadeghi A, Shamsaei F, Tapak L. The Relationship between Self-Efficacy with Life Satisfaction in Nursing Students. J Nurs Educ. 2018;8(6):34-40. [Persian].

27. Laukkanen L, Leino‐Kilpi H, Suhonen R. Ethical activity profile of nurse managers. J Nurs Manag. 2016;24(4):483-91. [DOI] [PubMed]

28. Ganji M, Dalvi M. The Impact of ethical leadership on job stress and occupation turnover intention in nurses of hospitals affiliated to Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci. 2014;16(1):121-8 .[Persian].

29. Nikmanesh Z, Kiekha S. Effect of spiritual intelligence and self-efficacy on nurses' resiliency in therapeutic and teaching centers of Zahedan. J Res Dev Nurs Midw. 2016;12(3):71-8. [Persian].

30. Mohammadi A, Kheftan P, Amirpour B, Sepidehdam MA, Gholami Jam F. Self-Efficacy relationship with social health among nurses in Taleghani Hospital in Kermanshah. Iran. J Health Educ Health Promot. 2018;6(1):72-9 .[Persian]. [DOI]

31. Choi M, Kim J. Relationships between clinical decision-making patterns and self-efficacy and nursing professionalism in Korean pediatric nurses. J Pediatr Nurs. 2015;30(6):81-8. [DOI] [PubMed]

32. Salimi HR, Pourebrahimi M, Hoseinabadi-Farahani JM. Clinical self-efficacy, dimensions and related factors among nursing students. Iran J Psych Nurs. 2017;5(2):1-7. [Persian]. [DOI]

33. Ghadmgahi F, Zighaimat F, Ebadi A, Houshmand A. Knowledge, attitude and self-efficacy of nursing staffs in hospital infections control. J Mil Med. 2011;13(3):167-72. [Persian].

34. Amini N, Rezazadeh A, Khooshemehri G, Amini M, Salehiniya H. Knowledge, attitude and self-efficacy of nursing staff in nosocomial infection in child hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Alborz University Medical Journal. 2015;4(1):27-34. [Persian]. [DOI]

35. Handiyani H, Kusumawati AS, Karmila R, Wagiono A, Silowati T, Lusiyana A, et al. Nurses’ self-efficacy in Indonesia. Enferm Clin. 2019;29:252-6. [DOI]

36. Ravanipour M, Ahmadian A, Yazdanpanah A, Soltanian AR. Assessing the relationship between self-efficacy and clinical decision-making in hospital nurse. Avicenna J Nurs Midwifery Care. 2015;23(4):77-86. [Persian].

37. Naboureh A, Imanipour M, Salehi T, Tabesh H. The relationship between moral distress and self-efficacy among nurses in critical care and emergency units in hospitals affiliated to Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in 2015. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci Health Serv. 2015;14(6):443-54. [Persian]

Send email to the article author

Rights and permissions
	This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb

Articles Copyright © The Author(s).