Introduction& Objective : Divorce is considered as one of the unpleasant social phenomen in every sosiaty، and its percentage is increasing in almost all countries.Unfortunatly، this phenomen has a negative effect on the physical & psychological health adjustment of the children from such families. One of the factor influencing the level of child – adjustment in such situations is his/her living condition with either mother or father.

Therefore، the purpose of the present study was to compare the adjustment behavior of the school children from divorced families who lived either with their father or mother.

Materials & Methods: This study is a descriptive-analytical design.The sample consisted of 204     elementary school students from divorced families 102girls and 102 boys ، 6- 11 years who were selected randomly on the  multistage cluster from elementary schools in Hamadan city .The data  were collected by conducting an interview with parents based on the “ child- behavior rating schale” checklist by Russell&Cassel.Informations were analysed according to SPSS soft ware.

Results: The data analysis  revealed that [ children living with their mother were significantly better adjustment] .Ther was ameaningful  Difference between the average score of individual ، social،home،school, and total personality adjustment in children living with their mothers and children living with their fathers.

Conclusion: Taking care of the children in divorced families is an important  responsibility ، and demands lots of psychological & emotional potentials . Therfore it is to the child benefit to live with the parents with whom he/she has the most psychological &emotional relation